水调歌头·昵昵儿女语
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宋代]:苏轼
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欧阳文忠公尝问余:“琴诗何者最善?答以退之听颖师琴诗最善。公曰:此诗最奇丽,然非听琴,乃听琵琶也。余深然之。建安章质夫家善琵琶者,乞为歌词。余久不作,特取退之词,稍加隐括,使就声律,以遗之云。
昵昵儿女语,灯火夜微明。恩怨尔汝来去,弹指泪和声。忽变轩昂勇士,一鼓填然作气,千里不留行。回首暮云远,飞絮搅青冥。
众禽里,真彩凤,独不鸣。跻攀寸步千险,一落百寻轻。烦子指间风雨,置我肠中冰炭,起坐不能平。推手从归去,无泪与君倾。
水调歌头·昵昵儿女语译文及注释
译文
乐声初发,仿佛静夜微弱的灯光下,一对青年男女在亲昵地切切私语。弹奏开始,音调既轻柔、细碎而又哀怨、低抑。曲调由低抑到高昂,犹如气宇轩昂的勇士,在镇然骤响的鼓声中,跃马驰骋,不可阻挡。乐曲就如远天的暮云,高空的飞絮一般,极尽缥缈幽远之致。
百鸟争喧,明媚的春色中振颤着宛转错杂的啁哳之声,唯独彩凤不鸣。瞬息间高音突起,好像走进悬崖峭璧之中,寸步难行。这时音声陡然下降,宛如突然坠入深渊,一落千丈,之后弦音戛然而止。弹者好像能兴风作雨,让人肠中忽而高寒、忽而酷热,坐立不宁。弹者把琵琶一推放下,散去的听众无不为之流泪,君章质夫无不为之倾心同感。
注释
水调歌头:词牌名,又名《元会曲》、《凯歌》、《台城游》等。双调,九十五字,平韵(宋代也有押仄韵的)。相传隋炀帝开汴河自制《水调歌》,唐人演为大曲,《歌头》即大典开始的第一章。
隐括:原义是矫正曲木的工具。词的檃括是将其他诗文剪裁改写为词的形式,宋人常有此类作品。
昵昵:音逆,古音尼。象声词,形容言辞亲切。
尔汝:表亲昵。
填然:状声响之巨。
青冥:①形容青苍幽远。指青天。②形容青苍幽远。指山岭。③指海水。
跻攀:登攀。跻音机。
寻:长度单位。《史记·张仪传》有“蹄间三寻”。索隐云“七尺曰寻。”亦有云八尺为寻者。如寻常,八尺为寻,倍寻为常,皆惯见之长度也。
参考资料:
1、龙榆生.《唐宋词格律》:上海古籍出版社,1978年
2、龙榆生.唐宋名家词选:上海古籍出版社,1980
3、宋词鉴赏大典,新华电子书籍
水调歌头·昵昵儿女语创作背景
苏轼此词根据韩愈写音乐的名作《听颖师弹琴》改写。大约作于公元1087年(元祐二年),苏轼在京师任翰林学士、知制诰时。词的写作过程是对韩愈诗“稍加隐括,使就声律”,也即按照词牌的格式和声律来“矫制”韩诗。
参考资料:
1、宋词鉴赏大典,新华电子书籍
2、萧涤菲.《唐诗鉴赏辞典》:上海辞书出版社,1983年12月
水调歌头·昵昵儿女语鉴赏
苏轼通过联想,在上阙运用以形象描写不同风格的音乐,从开始的轻柔旖旎,瞬间变为雄壮高扬,然后归于悠扬致远;在下阙则对比音乐本身,一是同一时间内,繁音细响与清越之声之对比,二是不同时间内,音乐之抑扬起伏的对比,添之以自己的感慨,使整首诗具备与原作不同的艺术韵味。
词先写乐声初发,仿佛一对青年男女在静夜微弱的灯光下,亲昵地私语,谈受说恨,卿卿我我,往复不已。“弹指泪和声”倒点一句,见出弹奏开始,音调轻柔而又哀怨。“忽变”三句,写曲调由低抑到高昂,犹如战士在鼓声下驰骋沙场,无人可挡。结尾的“回首”两句,以景物形容声情,把音乐形象化给人缥渺幽远之感,。"回首暮云远",让人联想起王维"回看射雕处,千里暮云平"之将士,也与上文中“轩昂勇士”相联系,将独立的音乐片段串起来。白云浮动,柳絮漂浮,若有若无,忽远忽近,难以捉摸,却逗人情思。
接着是百鸟争喧,明媚的春色与啁哳之声相伴,唯独彩凤不鸣。这里写以凤凰不鸣,起到"留白"的特殊效果,也点出了深刻哲理:真正内涵的,从不在言语上夺人眼球。之后琴声在瞬息间高音突起,曲折而上,曲调转向艰涩,好象走进悬崖峭璧之中,脚登手攀,前行一寸,也要花费很大气力。正在步履维艰之际,音声陡然下降,恍如一落千丈,飘然坠入深渊,弦音戛然而止。至此,词人确乎借助于语言,把这位乐师的高妙弹技逼真地再现出来了。最后五句,则是从听者心情的激动,反映出成功的弹奏所产生的感人的艺术效果。“指间风雨”,写弹者技艺之高,能兴风作雨;“肠中冰炭”,写听者感受之深,肠中忽而高寒、忽而酷热;并以“烦子”、“置我”等语,把双方紧密关联起来。音响之撼人,不仅使人坐立不宁,而且简直难以禁受,由于连连泣下,再没有泪水可以倾洒了。“推手从归去”描写的是琴师奏完将琴推开的动作,也在其中暗示这诗人心中归隐的情怀。“无泪与君倾”,表现出诗人此时肠中之郁结,比起原诗中“湿衣泪滂滂”更为不堪较之,更为含蓄,也更为深沉,虽然无落泪,但是更加表现出心情的郁结。
诉诸听觉的音乐美,缺乏空间形象的鲜明性和确定性,是很难捕捉和形容的。但词人巧于取譬,他运用男女谈情说爱、勇士大呼猛进、飘荡的晚云飞絮、百鸟和鸣、攀高步险等等自然和生活现象,极力摹写音声节奏的抑扬起伏和变化,借以传达乐曲的感情色调和内容。这一系列含义丰富的比喻,变抽象为具体,把诉诸听觉的音节组合,转化为诉诸视觉的生动形象,这就不难唤起一种类比的联想,从而产生动人心弦的感染力。末后再从音乐效果,进一步刻画弹技之高,笔墨精微神妙,可说与韩诗同一机杼,同入化境。
苏轼这首词的“隐括”,即把韩愈的诗文《听颖师弹琴》剪裁改曲词,虽保留了韩诗的总体构思和一些精彩的描绘,但又在内容、形式以及两者的结合上,显示了自己的创造性,从而使此词获得了新的艺术生命和独特的审美价值。
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周纯《
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菩萨蛮·题梅扇》
苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼(1037-1101),北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻,号东坡居士。汉族,四川人,葬于颍昌(今河南省平顶山市郏县)。一生仕途坎坷,学识渊博,天资极高,诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆,明白畅达,与欧阳修并称欧苏,为“唐宋八大家”之一;诗清新豪健,善用夸张、比喻,艺术表现独具风格,与黄庭坚并称苏黄;词开豪放一派,对后世有巨大影响,与辛弃疾并称苏辛;书法擅长行书、楷书,能自创新意,用笔丰腴跌宕,有天真烂漫之趣,与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家;画学文同,论画主张神似,提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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宫词一百首
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宋代:
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岳珂
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金城十仞据阳池,三镇高扃死不随。
自是天恩浃肌髓,不关左衽限戎夷。
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咏潇湘八景各一首·洞庭秋月
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宋代:
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刘克庄
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寄声谢轩帝,不必奏钧天。
一碧九万里,横吹铁笛眠。
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江上送吴殿麟定还歙
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清代:
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姚鼐
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我行江北路漫漫,送尔江南山万盘。青天落日如相忆,更倚莲花峰上看。