山居即事
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唐代]:王维
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寂寞掩柴扉,苍茫对落晖。
鹤巢松树遍,人访荜门稀。
渡头烟火起,处处采菱归。
山居即事译文及注释
译文
沉寂地把篱门紧紧掩上,在苍茫暮色中望着斜晖。
鹤栖宿遍布周围的松树,柴门来访的人冷落疏稀。
嫩竹节已添上一层新粉,老荷花早落下片片红衣。
渡口处的渔火星星点点,是处处采菱人荡舟来归。
注释
山居:山林之中隐居。《战国策·韩策一》:“韩地险恶,山居,五谷所生,非麦而豆;民之所食,大抵豆饭藿羹。”即事:以当前事物为题材的诗。宋魏庆之《诗人玉屑·命意·陵阳谓须先命意》:“凡作诗须命终篇之意,切勿以先得一句一联,因而成章,如此则意不多属。然古人亦不免如此,如述怀、即事之类,皆先成诗,而后命题者也。”
寂寞:寂静无声,沉寂。《楚辞·刘向〈九叹·忧苦〉》:“巡陆夷之曲衍兮,幽空虚以寂寞。”柴扉:柴门。亦指贫寒的家园。南朝梁范云《赠张徐州稷》诗:“还闻稚子说,有客款柴扉。”
落晖:夕阳,夕照。晋陆机《拟东城一何高》诗:“三闾结飞辔,大耋嗟落晖。”
鹤巢:巢为动词,作栖宿解,不是名词“窝”的意思。
荜(bì)门:荆竹编成的门,又称柴门。常指房屋简陋破旧。
新粉:指竹子刚生长出来,竹节周围带有的白色的茸粉。
故衣:指莲花败叶。
渡头:犹渡口。过河的地方。南朝梁简文帝萧纲《乌栖曲》之一:“采莲渡头拟黄河,郎今欲渡畏风波。”烟火:指炊烟。《史记·律书》:“天下殷富,粟至十余钱,鸣鸡吠狗,烟火万里,可谓和乐者乎?”一作“灯火”。
参考资料:
1、邓安生 等.王维诗选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1990:115-116
山居即事鉴赏
首联二句是作者独自隐居山中时的心态写照,他引用了庾信《拟咏怀二十七首》其十七“日晚荒城上。苍茫余落晖”诗句。顾安《唐律消夏录》谓此诗首句‘掩柴扉’三字是虚句,不是实句。其实不必强作“虚”解,作“实”解亦通。人在门外亦可掩扉也,当是室内寂寞,故出门掩扉,环视山居外景以解闷,正切诗题“即事”者,咏眼前景物也。倘闭关室中,有何事可即!山居所见,皆幽寂澄淡之景,即之使人悠悠然,陶陶然,无复寂寞之感。
颔联二句运用了对比手法。夕照满山,鸟鹊还巢,行人归宅,柴扉紧掩,诗人以最传神的字眼来表现景物给他的最突出的印象和感受,以突出景象的自然生态和任其消歇的流变特征,构成禅趣颇深的整体暗示,光色彩象的转瞬即逝的恍惚,归人却在若即若离恍有恍无之间。从文艺美学角度看,生态活泼,情趣盎溢,弥满诗画气息的宁静生活极富运动感极富生命力的美。此联“遍”“稀”二字用得很妙。“遍”字表现松茂鹤多,“稀”字表现来访者少,两者对照写出山居环境的幽静。
颈联对句引用庾信《入彭城馆诗》:“槐庭垂绿穗,莲浦落红衣。”这一联用“绿竹”对“红莲”、“新粉”对“故衣”,光影流转里体现出摩诘对隐逸生活的喜爱。王维天性擅画,精通画理,且移植画艺以丰富和提高诗歌的表现力。此句即为力证。
尾联末字落在一个“归”上,暗合其归隐之意,隐隐有陶潜之情。最后四句写出了夕阳西下,炊烟升起,嫩竹荷花清新可爱,人们采菱而归的景象,表现出作者悠然闲适的心情。
在王维的田园诗中,尽管周围是热闹活泼,生生不息,充满了活力的大自然,但诗人的心却是孤寂的。此诗虽然写出了作者惬意的生活,却又在字里行间透露出诗人的落寞之情。大自然的万物都是热闹鲜活的,嫩竹、红莲,唯有诗人的心是寂寞孤独的。这样的心态,促使王维潜心地去发现去欣赏田园。
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张可久《
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金字经·乐闲》
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陆游《
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晨雨》
王维简介
唐代·王维的简介
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王维(701年-761年,一说699年—761年),字摩诘,汉族,河东蒲州(今山西运城)人,祖籍山西祁县,唐朝诗人,有“诗佛”之称。苏轼评价其:“味摩诘之诗,诗中有画;观摩诘之画,画中有诗。”开元九年(721年)中进士,任太乐丞。王维是盛唐诗人的代表,今存诗400余首,重要诗作有《相思》《山居秋暝》等。王维精通佛学,受禅宗影响很大。佛教有一部《维摩诘经》,是王维名和字的由来。王维诗书画都很有名,非常多才多艺,音乐也很精通。与孟浩然合称“王孟”。
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