塞下曲四首·其一
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唐代]：常建
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塞下曲四首·其一译文及注释
译文
乌孙来汉朝朝聘后，取消王号，对汉称臣。边远地方停息了战争，战争的烟尘消散了，到处充满日月的清辉。
注释
玉帛：古代朝聘、会盟时互赠的礼物，是和平友好的象征。后代遂有“化干戈为玉帛”之语。
朝回：朝见皇帝后返回本土。
望帝乡：述其依恋不舍之情。
帝乡：京城。
乌孙：汉代西域国名，在今新疆伊犁河流域。此处借指唐代的西域国家。
不称王：放弃王号，即内服于唐朝。
兵气销为日月光：战争的烟尘消散了，到处充满日月的清辉。
塞下曲四首·其一鉴赏
边塞诗大都以词情慷慨、景物恢奇、充满报国的忠贞或低徊的乡思为特点。常建的这首《塞下曲》却独辟蹊径，弹出了不同寻常的异响。
这首诗既未炫耀武力，也不嗟叹时运，而是立足于民族和睦的高度，讴歌了化干戈为玉帛的和平友好的主题。中央朝廷与西域诸族的关系，历史上阴晴不定，时有弛张。作者却拈出了美好的一页加以热情的赞颂，让明媚的春风吹散弥漫一时的滚滚狼烟，赋予边塞诗一种全新的意境。
诗的头两句，是对西汉朝廷与乌孙民族友好交往的生动概括。“玉帛”，指朝觐时携带的礼品。《左传·哀公七年》有“禹合诸侯干涂山，执玉帛者万国”之谓。执玉帛上朝，是一种宾服和归顺的表示。“望”字用得笔重情深，乌孙使臣朝罢西归，而频频回望帝京长安，眷恋不忍离去，说明恩重义浃，相结很深。“不称王”点明乌孙归顺，边境安定。乌孙是活动在伊犁河谷一带的游牧民族，为西域诸国中的大邦。据《汉书》记载，武帝以来朝廷待乌孙甚厚，双方聘问不绝。武帝为了抚定西域，遏制匈奴，曾两次以宗女下嫁，订立和亲之盟。太初间（前104－前101），武帝立楚王刘戊的孙女刘解忧为公主，下嫁乌孙，生了四男二女，儿孙们相继立为国君，长女也嫁为龟兹王后。从此，乌孙与汉朝长期保持着和平友好的关系，成为千古佳话。常建首先以诗笔来讴歌这段历史，虽只寥寥数语，却能以少总多，用笔之妙，识见之精，实属难能可贵。
一、二句平述史实，为全诗铺垫。三、四句顺势腾骞，波涌云飞，形成高潮。“天涯”上承“归去”，乌孙朝罢西归，马足车轮，邈焉万里，这辽阔无垠的空间，便隐隐从此二字中见出。“静”字下得尤为有力。玉门关外的茫茫大漠，曾经是积骸成阵的兵争要冲，如今却享有和平宁静的生活。这是把今日的和平与昔时的战乱作明暗交织的两面关锁的写法，于无字处皆有深意，是诗中之眼。诗的结句雄健入神，情绪尤为昂扬。诗人用彩笔绘出一幅辉煌画卷：战争的阴霾消散净尽，日月的光华照彻寰宇。这种理想境界，体现了各族人民热爱和平、反对战争的崇高理想，是高响入云的和平与统一的颂歌。
“兵气”，犹言战象，用语字新意炼。不但扣定“销”字，直贯句末，且与“静处”挽合，将上文缴足。环环相扣，愈唱愈高，真有拿云的气概。沈德潜诩为“句亦吐光”，可谓当之无愧。
常建的诗作，大多成于开元、天宝年间。他在这首诗里如此称颂和亲政策与弭兵理想，当是有感于唐玄宗晚年开边黩武的乱政而发的，可说是一剂针砭时弊的对症之方!
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上一首：
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韦庄《
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绥州作》
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张玉娘《
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从军行》
常建简介
唐代·常建的简介
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常建(708-765)，唐代诗人，字号不详，有说是邢台人或说长安（今陕西西安）人，开元十五年与王昌龄同榜进士，长仕宦不得意，来往山水名胜，过着一个很长时期的漫游生活。后移家隐居鄂渚。大历中，曾任盱眙尉。
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