早行
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宋代]：陈与义
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露侵驼褐晓寒轻，星斗阑干分外明。
寂寞小桥和梦过，稻田深处草虫鸣。
早行译文及注释
译文
露水降落，我穿着厚厚的毛衣还感到丝丝的寒意；仰望天空，北斗星横斜着分外光明。
孤单单地，我半醒半睡地过了座小桥，耳边传来稻田深处唧唧虫鸣。
注释
驼褐：用驼毛织成的衣服。
星斗：特指北斗星。
阑干：横斜的样子。
早行鉴赏
钱钟书《宋诗选注》：“《南宋群贤小集》第十册张良臣《雪窗小集》里有首《晓行》诗，也选入《诗家鼎脔》卷上，跟这首诗大同小异：‘千山万山星斗落，一声两声钟磐清。路入小桥和梦过，豆花深处草虫鸣。’韦居安《梅磵诗话》卷上引了李元膺的一首诗，跟这首只差两个字：‘露’作‘雾’，‘分’作‘野’。”
《梅磵诗话》卷下：“早行诗，前辈多佳作。近世如杨万里诗：‘雾外江山看不真，只凭鸡犬认前村。渡关蒲板霜如雪，印我青鞋第一痕。’……刘应时诗云：‘登舆睡思尚昏昏，斗柄衔山月在门。鸡犬未鸣潮半落，草虫声在豆花村。’三诗意皆高远。”所引刘诗与《早行》诗意境也有相仿之处。
第一句，不说“鸡唱”，不说“晨起”，不说“开门”，不说“整车”或“动征铎”，而说主人公已在旅途行进。“行”得特别“早”，既不是用“未五更”之类的语言说出，又不是用“流萤”、“栖禽”、“渔灯”、“戍火”、“残月”之类来烘托，而是通过诗人的感觉准确地表现出来。“驼褐”，露水不易湿透；诗人穿上此衣，其上路之早可见。而“露侵驼褐”，以至于感到“晓寒”，其行之久，也不言而喻。
第二句，诗人不写“月”而写“星斗”。“星斗阑干分外明”，这是颇有特征性的景象。“阑干”，纵横貌。古人往往用“阑干”形容星斗，如“月没参横，北斗阑干”之类。月明则星稀，“星斗阑干”，而且“分外明”，说明这是阴历月终（即所谓“晦日”）的夜晚。此其一。露，那是在下半夜晴朗无风的情况下才有的。晴朗无风而没有月，“星斗”自然就“阑干”、就“明”，写景颇为确切、细致。此其二。更重要的还在于写“明”是为了写“暗”。黎明之前，由于地面的景物比以前“分外”暗，所以天上的星斗也就被反衬得“分外”明。
第三句“寂寞小桥和梦过”，可以说“立片言以居要，乃一篇之警策”。以梦与“寂寞小桥”结合，意象丰满，令人玩索不尽。赶路而作梦，一般不可能是“徒步”。独自骑马，一般也不敢放心地作梦。明乎此，则“寂寞小桥”竟敢“和梦过”，其人在马上，而且有人为他牵马，不言可知。
第一句不诉诸视觉，写早行之景；却诉诸感觉，写寒意袭人，这是耐人寻味的。联系第三句，这“味”也不难寻。过“小桥”还在做梦，说明主人公起得太“早”，觉未睡醒，一上马就迷糊过去了。及至感到有点儿“寒”，才耸耸肩，醒了过来，原来身上湿漉漉的；一摸，露水已侵透了“驼褐”。睁眼一看，“星斗阑干分外明”，离天亮还远。于是又合上惺忪睡眼，进入梦乡。既进入梦乡，竟知道在过桥，那是因为他骑着马。马蹄踏在桥板上发出的响声惊动了他，意识到在过桥，于是略开睡跟，看见桥是个“小”桥，桥外是“稻”田，又朦朦胧胧，进入半睡眠状态。
第一句写感觉，第二句写视觉；三四两句，则视觉、触觉、听觉并写。先听见蹄声响亮，才略开睡眼；“小”桥和“稻”田，当然是看见的。而“稻田深处草虫鸣”，则是“和梦”过“小桥”时听见的。正像从响亮的马蹄声意识到过“桥”一样，“草虫”的鸣声不在桥边、而在“稻田深处”，也是从听觉判断出来的。诗人在这里也用了反衬手法。“寂寞小桥和梦过”，静中有动；“稻田深处草虫鸣”，寂中有声。四野无人，一切都在沉睡，只有孤寂的旅人“和梦”过桥，这静中之动更反衬出深夜的沉静，只有梦魂伴随着自己孤零零地过桥，才会感到“寂寞”。“寂寞”所包含的一层意思，就是因身外“无人”而引起的孤独感。而“无人”，在这里又表现天色尚“早”。“寂寞”所包含的又一层意思，就是因四周“无声”而引起的寂寥感。而“无声”，在这里也表现天色尚“早”，比齐己《江行晓发》所写的“鸟乱村林迥，人喧水栅横”要“早”得多。
这首诗的最突出的艺术特色，就表现在诗人通过触觉、视觉和听觉的交替与综合，描绘了一幅独特的“早行”（甚至可以说是“夜行”）图。读者通过“通感”与想象，主人公在马上摇晃，时醒时睡，时而睁眼看地，时而仰首看天，以及凉露湿衣、虫声入梦等一系列微妙的神态变化，都宛然在目；天上地下或明或暗、或喧或寂、或动或静的一切景物特征，也一一展现眼前。
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上一首：
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柳永《
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柳永《
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竹马子·登孤垒荒凉》
陈与义简介
唐代·陈与义的简介
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陈与义(1090-1138)，字去非，号简斋，汉族，其先祖居京兆，自曾祖陈希亮迁居洛阳，故为宋代河南洛阳人（现在属河南）。他生于宋哲宗元祐五年(1090年)，卒于南宋宋高宗绍兴八年(1138年)。北宋末，南宋初年的杰出诗人，同时也工于填词。其词存于今者虽仅十余首，却别具风格，尤近于苏东坡，语意超绝，笔力横空，疏朗明快，自然浑成，著有《简斋集》。
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