潇湘神·斑竹枝
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唐代]:刘禹锡
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斑竹枝,斑竹枝,泪痕点点寄相思。楚客欲听瑶瑟怨,潇湘深夜月明时。
潇湘神·斑竹枝译文及注释
译文
斑竹枝啊斑竹枝,泪痕点点寄托着相思。楚地的游子啊若想听听瑶瑟的幽怨,在这潇水湘江之上当着夜深月明之时。
注释
潇湘神:词牌名,一名《潇湘曲》。此词作于朗州(今湖南省常德市)时期,诗中所及山水和故事皆在湘沅间。潇湘:湖南西南部潇水、湘水。
斑竹:即湘妃竹。相传舜崩苍梧,娥皇、女英二妃追至,哭啼极哀,泪染于竹,斑斑如泪痕,故谓“斑竹”。
泪痕点点寄相思:《述异记》载,“舜南巡,葬于苍梧。尧二女娥皇、女英泪下沾竹,文悉为之斑。”
楚客:本指屈原,此处为作者自况。作此词时刘禹锡正值贬官朗州(治所在今湖南常德)。
瑶瑟:以美玉妆饰成的瑟。古代之管弦乐器。
潇湘:潇水在今湖南零陵县西北合于湘水,称潇湘。
参考资料:
1、徐培均选注 .婉约词萃 :华东师范大学出版社 ,1999年 :3-4页 .
2、亦冬 .古代文史名著选译丛书 唐五代词选译 修订版 :凤凰出版社 ,2011.05 :36页 .
潇湘神·斑竹枝创作背景
这首词是作者贬官朗州期间(朗州治所在今湖南常德)所作,通过咏湘妃的哀怨而抒发了自己被贬的内心的凄苦。
参考资料:
1、刘长江 .中华诗词经典 :北岳文艺出版社 ,2008.05 :277页 .
潇湘神·斑竹枝鉴赏
《潇湘神》,一名《潇湘曲》。刘禹锡贬官朗州(今潮南常德)后,依当地的迎神曲之声制词,写了二首,创此词调,此为其中的第二首。潇湘,潇水流至湖南零陵县西与湘水合流,世称“潇湘”。潇湘神,即湘妃。指舜帝的两个妃子娥皇、女英。《博物志》记载,舜帝南巡,死于苍梧,葬于九嶷,他的爱妃娥皇、女英闻讯后赶至湘水边,哭泣悲甚,其泪挥洒在湘竹上,留下斑斑泪痕,遂成斑竹,她们也就自投于湘水,成为湘水女神,亦称“湘灵”。刘禹锡这首词,便是题咏湘妃故事的。
“斑竹枝,斑竹枝,泪痕点点寄相思。”开头两个叠句,一方面是利用两组相同的音调组成滚珠流水般的节奏,以加强哀怨的气氛;一方面是反复强调斑竹枝这一具体事物,以唤起并加深人们对有关传统故事的印象。词人在这重叠深沉的哀叹中,实际上也融进了自己被贬谪的怨愤痛苦之情,从竹上的斑点,写到人物的泪痕,又从人物的泪痕写到两地相思,层层深入,一气流贯。在词人的笔下,斑竹成为多情相思的象征,是一种隽永幽雅的意象,而不再是普通的自然景物。
“楚客欲听瑶瑟怨,潇湘深夜月明时。”楚客,本指屈原。刘禹锡当时正贬官在朗州,与屈原流放湘西相似,所以这里的“楚客”实是作者以屈原自喻,将湘妃、屈原和自己的哀怨,联系在一起。这里的“瑶瑟”,乃瑟的美称,在作者的想象中,湘灵鼓瑟必然极为哀怨,所以说“瑶瑟怨”。当夜深人静、明月高照之时,楚客徘徊于潇湘之滨,在伴和着潺潺湘水的悠扬琴韵中,细细领略其中滋味,此之谓以环境烘托心情。词中创造了一个凄清空漾的境界,更适于传达出词人哀怨深婉的情思,作者和湘灵的怨愤之情融合了,历史传说与现实生活融合了,作者的主观感情与客观景物也融合了,情致悠然不尽,辞止而意无穷。
全词虽为祭祀潇湘神而作,但却借古代神话湘妃的故事,抒发自己政治受挫和无辜被贬谪的怨愤。作者运用比兴的艺术手法,描绘了一个真实与虚幻结合的艺术境界,将远古的传说、战国时代逐臣的哀怨和自己被贬湘地的情思交织起来,融化为一体,赋予这首小词以深邃的政治内涵,显示出真与幻的交织和结合,以环境烘托其哀怨之情,虽似随口吟成,而意境幽远,语言流丽,留给读者无穷回味和遐想的余地。
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刘禹锡(772-842),字梦得,汉族,中国唐朝彭城(今徐州)人,祖籍洛阳,唐朝文学家,哲学家,自称是汉中山靖王后裔,曾任监察御史,是王叔文政治改革集团的一员。唐代中晚期著名诗人,有“诗豪”之称。他的家庭是一个世代以儒学相传的书香门第。政治上主张革新,是王叔文派政治革新活动的中心人物之一。后来永贞革新失败被贬为朗州司马(今湖南常德)。据湖南常德历史学家、收藏家周新国先生考证刘禹锡被贬为朗州司马其间写了著名的“汉寿城春望”。
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