醉蓬莱
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宋代]:黄庭坚
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对朝云叆叇,暮雨霏微,乱峰相倚。巫峡高唐,锁楚宫朱翠。画戟移春,靓妆迎马,向一川都会。万里投荒,一身吊影,成何欢意。
尽道黔南,去天尺五,望极神州,万重烟水。樽酒公堂,有中朝佳士。荔颊红深,麝脐香满,醉舞裀歌袂。杜宇声声,催人到晓,不如归是。
醉蓬莱译文及注释
译文
朝云暮雨,烟雾氤氲,微露云端的乱峰互相偎依。站在巫山县城楼上,遥望楚阳台,想象楚襄王梦与神女相会的情景。春光明媚之中,宫府的仪仗队行进,盛装艳服之人迎接着马队,迤逦向城中走去。被贬谪放逐到偏荒之地,对影自怜,有什么值得高兴的。
到达黔州之后,山愈高,势愈险,而距中原更远,隔断了眺望京城的视线,但乡愁却越过千山万水飞向神州。有贬谪之地的地方官摆酒接风、欢宴公堂。醉舞欢腾,满堂香气,声歌盈室,美人容颜娇艳,香气氤氲馥郁。听着那杜鹃一声一声地到天明,直唤着“不如归去”。
注释
醉蓬莱:词牌名。双调九十七字,前段十一句四仄韵,后段十二句四仄韵。另有双调九十七字,前后段各十一句、四仄韵变体。
瑗叇(ài dài):云气浓重之貌。宋玉《高唐赋》记楚王昼寝高唐,梦见神女说:“妾在巫山之阴,高丘之阻,旦为朝云,暮为行雨。”
高唐:战国时楚王在云梦泽中所建的高台。
朱翠:朱颜翠发,本是形容女子的美貌,这里代指美女。
画戟:涂画彩饰的戟,是古代的仪仗用物。
靓(Iiàng)妆:指盛装华服的女子。
都会:指州治所在。
投荒:贬谪放逐到偏荒之地。
吊影:对影自怜,形容孤独,唯影相伴。
去天尺五:以距天之近而言地势之高。
神州:指京城。
中朝:朝中。
舞裀(yīn):舞衣。
杜宇:即杜鹃。传说古蜀帝杜宇,死后化为杜鹃鸟。
不如归是:相传杜宇死后思念故乡,化为杜鹃,啼叫着“不如归去”,声音悲苦。
参考资料:
1、蒋方.黄庭坚集:凤凰出版社,2014年:第227—230页
醉蓬莱创作背景
绍圣二年(1095年),山谷被指控为撰修《神宗实录》失实多诬,贬为涪州别驾黔州安置,此词当是他赴黔途中经过夔州巫山县时所作。
参考资料:
1、夏承焘等.宋词鉴赏辞典 上:上海辞典书出版社,2013年:第514页
醉蓬莱鉴赏
此词当是作者赴黔途中经过夔州巫山县时所作。词通过乐与悲的多层次对比烘托,突现出他贬谪途中去国怀乡的忧闷之情。
词的开头以“对”字直领以下三句,描绘出一幅烟雨凄迷的峡江图:有时云蒸霞蔚,有时微雨蒙蒙,云雨迷离之中,只见错落攒立的群峰互相依傍。这里既是肖妙的写景,又是贴切的用典,“朝云”、“暮雨”镶嵌于句中,化而不露,“乱峰”则指巫山群峰,其中神女峰尤为峭丽,相传即为神女的化身。这样便营造出一个惝恍迷离、凄清悠远的境界。这种意境与他去国怀乡的怅惘心情是十分协调的。如以“叆叇”状云,表现云气浓重,更有日色昏暗之意。又如以“乱”字表现群峰的攒拥交叠,暗示他遭贬后神乱意迷的心境。“巫峡高唐,锁楚宫朱翠”,是由神话生发出来的联想。“朱翠”指女子的朱颜翠发,代指美人。一个“锁”字不也隐约透露出自叹身世的感慨。这里感情的流露是含蓄深婉的,词人只是创造一种情绪和氛围,给人以感染。
接着作者笔锋一转,描绘出一幅热闹的仪仗图。春光明媚之中,官府的仪仗队行进,盛妆艳服之人迎接着马队,迤逦向城中行去。“画戟”是加上彩饰的戟,用于仪仗队。“靓妆”,粉黛妆饰,这里大约指歌姬舞女之类。面对如此盛况,作者的内心却是一片悲凉。“万里投荒,一身吊影,成何欢意!”与开头呼应,一腔忧闷喷涌而出。
下片开头四句承上片最后一层意思而加以生发。作者巧妙地越过眼前的情景,而设想贬谪之地的望乡之苦,这是用未来的乡愁反过来烘托现实的离情。“去天尺五”极言黔南地势之高,旧有“城南韦、杜,去天尺五”的谚语,此处借来形容山高摩天。尽管这样的高处,但是眺望神州,还是隔着千山万水。那乡愁就象那万重烟水,一直延伸到天地的尽头,绵绵不绝。“神州”指中原,这里意同“神京”。古代的逐臣常通过回望京城来表达其哀怨之情。
“樽酒”五句是一个大的转折,展现了地方官为作者摆酒接风,欢宴公堂的热烈景象。为了渲染欢快的气氛,这里用了一些色彩富丽的词,如用“荔颊红深”形容美人容颜的娇艳之色,用“麝脐香满”描写香气的氤氲馥郁。轻歌曼舞,醉意朦胧,场面越是写得热烈,越能反衬出山谷心头的悲凉孤寂。置身于高堂华宴,面对着主宾的觥筹交错,作者独品苦味,唯有那杜鹃“不如归去”的声声啼鸣陪伴着他通宵达旦。
这首词上下两片都分三个层次,先写悲情,然后折入欢快场景的描写,最后又转入悲情的抒发,而上下两片又写法各异,不使雷同。为了构成鲜明的对比,写悲与乐所用词语的色彩反差也很大。写悲情则朴素自然,近乎口语,以直抒胸臆。描乐景富丽浓郁,风华典雅,着力于铺陈。正所谓“以乐景写哀,以哀景写乐,一倍增其哀乐”。
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李白《
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与夏十二登岳阳楼》
黄庭坚简介
唐代·黄庭坚的简介
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黄庭坚(1045.8.9-1105.5.24),字鲁直,号山谷道人,晚号涪翁,洪州分宁(今江西省九江市修水县)人,北宋著名文学家、书法家,为盛极一时的江西诗派开山之祖,与杜甫、陈师道和陈与义素有“一祖三宗”(黄庭坚为其中一宗)之称。与张耒、晁补之、秦观都游学于苏轼门下,合称为“苏门四学士”。生前与苏轼齐名,世称“苏黄”。著有《山谷词》,且黄庭坚书法亦能独树一格,为“宋四家”之一。
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包恢
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往来欲休息,亦可乐自然。上观云飞鸟,下看鱼泳川。
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看看数尽今年历漫说明年差可立从头检点一年愁焚香告天在今夕
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明代:
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夏良胜
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年从此夜尽,年从此夜来。天日各有度,会合应无媒。
烛销商妇泪,杯覆王孙哀。逐贫不饿死,驱厉徒生猜。