题宣州开元寺水阁阁下宛溪夹溪居人
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唐代]：杜牧
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惆怅无日见范蠡，参差烟树五湖东。(无日一作：无因)
题宣州开元寺水阁阁下宛溪夹溪居人译文及注释
译文
六朝的繁华已成陈迹，放眼望去，只见草色连空，那天淡云闲的景象，倒是自古至今，未发生什么变化。敬亭山象一面巨大的翠色屏风，展开在宣城的近旁，飞鸟来去出没都在山色的掩映之中。宛溪两岸，百姓临河夹居，人歌人哭，掺合着水声，随着岁月一起流逝。深秋时节的密雨，象给上千户人家挂上了层层的雨帘；落日时分，夕阳掩映着的楼台，在晚风中送出悠扬的笛声。心头浮动着对范蠡的怀念，无由相会，只见五湖方向，一片参差烟树而已。
注释
此诗作于文宗开成（836-840）年间，当时杜牧任宣州（今安徽宣城）团练判官。城东有宛溪，城东北有敬亭山。城中开元寺，原名永乐寺，东晋时建。
人歌人哭：指人生之喜庆吊丧，即生死过程。《礼记·檀弓》：“晋献文子成室，张老曰：“美哉轮焉！美哉奂焉！歌于斯，哭于斯，聚国族于斯。”
范蠡：春秋时辅佐越王勾践打败吴王夫差，功成之后，为了避免越王的猜忌，乘扁舟归隐五湖。
五湖：旧说太湖有五湖。
题宣州开元寺水阁阁下宛溪夹溪居人创作背景
这首诗当写于开成三年（838），当时杜牧任宣州团练判官。这首诗是他游开元寺，登水阁时的所见所闻及触景所发而作的。
参考资料：
1、尚作恩 等．晚唐诗译释：黑龙江人民出版社，1987：37-39
2、吉林大学中文系．唐诗鉴赏大典（十一）：吉林大学出版社，2009：38-39
题宣州开元寺水阁阁下宛溪夹溪居人鉴赏
诗一开始写登临览景，勾起古今联想，造成一种笼罩全篇的气氛：六朝的繁华已成陈迹，放眼望去，只见草色连空，那天淡云闲的景象，倒是自古至今，未发生什么变化。这种感慨固然由登临引起，但联系诗人的经历看，还有更深刻的内在因素。诗人此次来宣州已经是第二回了。八年前，沈传师任宣歙观察使（治宣州）的时候，他曾在沈的幕下供职。这两次的变化，如他自己所说：“我初到此未三十，头脑钐利筋骨轻。”“重游鬓白事皆改，唯见东流春水平。”（《自宣州赴官入京路逢裴坦判官归宣州因题赠》）这自然要加深他那种人世变易之感。这种心情渗透在三、四两句的景色描写中：敬亭山象一面巨大的翠色屏风，展开在宣城的近旁，飞鸟来去出没都在山色的掩映之中。宛溪两岸，百姓临河夹居，人歌人哭，掺合着水声，随着岁月一起流逝。这两句似乎是写眼前景象，写“今”，但同时又和“古”相沟通。飞鸟在山色里出没，固然是向来如此，而人歌人哭，也并非某一片刻的景象。“歌哭”言喜庆丧吊，代表了人由生到死的过程。“人歌人哭水声中”，宛溪两岸的人们就是这样世世代代聚居在水边。这些都不是诗人一时所见，而是平时积下的印象，在登览时被触发了。
接下去两句，展现了时间上并不连续却又每每使人难忘的景象：一是深秋时节的密雨，像给上千户人家挂上了层层的雨帘；一是落日时分，夕阳掩映着的楼台，在晚风中送出悠扬的笛声。两种景象：一阴一晴；一朦胧，一明丽。在现实中是难以同时出现的。但当诗人面对着开元寺水阁下这片天地时，这种虽非同时，然而却是属于同一地方获得的印象，汇集复合起来了，从而融合成一个对宣城、对宛溪的综合而长久性的印象。这片天地，在时间的长河里，就是长期保持着这副面貌吧。这样，与“六朝文物草连空”相映照，那种文物不见、风景依旧的感慨，自然就愈来愈强烈了。客观世界是持久的，歌哭相迭的一代代人生却是有限的。这使诗人沉吟和低回不已，于是，诗人的心头浮动着对范蠡的怀念，无由相会，只见五湖方向，一片参差烟树而已。五湖指太湖及与其相属的四个小湖，因而也可视作太湖的别名。从方位上看，它们是在宣城之东。春秋时范蠡曾辅助越王勾践打败吴王夫差，功成之后，为了避免越王的猜忌，乘扁舟归隐于五湖。他徜徉在大自然的山水中，为后人所艳羡。诗中把宣城风物，描绘得很美，很值得流连，而又慨叹六朝文物已成过眼云烟，大有无法让人生永驻的感慨。这样，游于五湖享受着山水风物之美的范蠡，自然就成了诗人怀恋的对象了。
诗人的情绪并不高，但把客观风物写得很美，并在其中织入“鸟去鸟来山色里”、“落日楼台一笛风”这样一些明丽的景象，诗的节奏和语调轻快流走，给人爽利的感觉。明朗、健爽的因素与低回惆怅交互作用，在这首诗里体现出了杜牧诗歌的所谓拗峭的特色。
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上一首：
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王勃《
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杜牧简介
唐代·杜牧的简介
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杜牧（公元803－约852年），字牧之，号樊川居士，汉族，京兆万年（今陕西西安）人，唐代诗人。杜牧人称“小杜”，以别于杜甫。与李商隐并称“小李杜”。因晚年居长安南樊川别墅，故后世称“杜樊川”，著有《樊川文集》。
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蓝仁
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渔父空头白，生涯一舸微。欲浮沧海去，又逐暮潮归。